What is Environmental Crime? Discuss its types, impacts, and steps to way out.

For the survival and well-being of all living beings, the environment is a mandatory resource. Despite the many advantages the environment provides us, it is nonetheless vulnerable to various types of harm, such as environmental crime.

Environmental crime is a complicated, multifaceted problem that seriously endangers both the natural world and public health. It is a worldwide issue that Bangladesh and other nations are also affected by. Environmental crimes come in a variety of forms and dimensions, including illicit logging, poaching, animal trafficking, and pollution, among others.

To develop effective policies and legal frameworks, however, and to comprehend the nature and extent of the issue, it is essential to define environmental crime. We can fight to protect the environment and ensure a sustainable future for everyone by putting the proper measures in place. In this article, we will define environmental crime, its types, and the impact it has on the environment.

Environmental Crime

Any behavior or action that endangers the environment while breaking local, state, or federal environmental laws is considered an environmental crime.  According to Merriam-Webster environmental crime is “a crime against the environment, including acts that harm the environment by air pollution, water pollution, hazardous waste, wildlife poaching, illegal logging, and other similar actions.”

Oxford English Dictionary gave and more precise definition. According to it, “Environmental crime is any illegal activity that harms the environment, such as pollution, deforestation, and the illegal trade in wildlife.” And Cambridge Dictionary defines it in the same tone. It defines, environmental crime as “an illegal activity that harms the natural environment, such as pollution or the illegal trade in wildlife.”

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), environmental crime is defined as “any illegal act that directly harms the environment”. The UNODC further categorizes environmental crime into four main types: (1) pollution and other environmental damage, (2) illegal trade in wildlife, (3) illegal logging and timber trade, and (4) illegal fishing and trade in marine resources. These actions contravene local, national, and international rules and regulations and have detrimental effects on the environment, such as ecosystem devastation, biodiversity loss, and contamination of the air, water, and soil.

In addition to the UNODC, various authoritative sources provide definitions of environmental crime. The European Union defines environmental crime as “a breach of environmental legislation which is committed intentionally or recklessly and which has significant adverse effects on the environment and/or human health”. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental crime as “violations of environmental laws that are committed knowingly or negligently and that result in harm to the environment or human health”. These definitions highlight the intentional or reckless nature of the environmental crime, and the significant harm it causes to the environment and human health.

Many countries have also enacted statutes and laws to address environmental crime. For example, the Environmental Conservation Act of Bangladesh (1995) defines environmental pollution as “the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, into the environment of substances or energy which may cause harm to human health or the living resources and ecological systems”. The act provides for the punishment of those who violate environmental laws and regulations, including fines and imprisonment.

Considering all the definitions, we can characterize environmental crime as a broad category of criminal activities that cause harm to the natural environment. These crimes can range from illegal waste dumping to wildlife trafficking, and they can have serious consequences for the environment, public health, and economic stability. Understanding the different types of environmental crime is important for developing effective policies and legal frameworks to address these issues.

Read What is Environmental Harm? Its nature, types, impacts, and measures to protect and conserve.

Types of Environmental Crime

Environmental crime can be broadly classified into two categories: the illegal trade in wildlife and environmental pollution. Each of these categories can be further divided into subcategories:

Illegal Trade in Wildlife

Illegal trade in wildlife, also known as wildlife trafficking, is a major form of environmental crime that involves the illegal capture, transport, and sale of live animals or their parts, including ivory, rhino horn, and tiger bones. The illegal trade in wildlife is a lucrative business, with estimated annual profits of up to $23 billion, making it one of the largest illegal activities worldwide.

Poaching

This involves the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of animals. Poaching is a significant issue for endangered species such as elephants, rhinos, and tigers, as they are often killed for their ivory, horns, bones, and other animal parts that are in high demand in the black market.

Wildlife Trafficking

This involves the illegal buying, selling, or trading of animals, their parts, or products made from them. This includes items such as elephant ivory, rhino horn, and tiger bones, which are highly valued in some cultures for their supposed medicinal or spiritual properties.

illegal Fishing

This involves the illegal harvesting of marine species such as fish, turtles, and shellfish. Illegal fishing can take many forms, including overfishing, the use of illegal fishing gear, and fishing in restricted areas.

Illegal Logging

This involves the illegal harvesting and trade of timber and forest products. Illegal logging contributes to deforestation and habitat destruction, which can have devastating consequences for wildlife.

Bushmeat trade

This involves the illegal hunting, killing, and sale of wild animals for food. The bushmeat trade is a significant issue in Africa, where it is estimated that around 5 million tons of bushmeat are harvested annually, posing a threat to the survival of many species.

Pet trade

This involves the illegal capture and trade of live animals, which are often sold as pets in domestic and international markets. The unusual pet trade is a major driver of wildlife trafficking, with some species being smuggled across borders in inhumane conditions.

Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is the presence or introduction of substances, materials, or energy into the natural environment that cause adverse effects on living organisms and the natural environment. There are several different types of environmental pollution, which can be broadly classified as follows:

Air pollution

Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful chemicals, gases, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. The major sources of air pollution are transportation, industry, power generation, and agriculture. The effects of air pollution can be serious, leading to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Water pollution

Water pollution is caused by the introduction of harmful substances, such as chemicals, sewage, and plastics, into the waterways. Sources of water pollution include industry, agriculture, and domestic waste. Water pollution can have serious consequences on the health of humans and animals, as well as the ecosystem.

Soil pollution

Soil pollution is the contamination of the soil by harmful chemicals and other materials. This pollution can be caused by industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, and mining activities. Soil pollution can have negative impacts on plant growth and soil fertility, which can ultimately impact food production.

Noise pollution

Noise pollution is caused by excessive noise levels, which can have harmful effects on human health, including hearing loss, stress, and sleep disturbances. Sources of noise pollution include transportation, industrial machinery, and recreational activities.

Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the release of heat into the environment, which can cause changes in the temperature of water bodies, and affect aquatic life. Sources of thermal pollution include power generation and industrial processes.

Light pollution

Light pollution is caused by excessive artificial light, which can have negative effects on wildlife, including birds, insects, and turtles. Sources of light pollution include streetlights, advertising signs, and buildings.

Radioactive pollution

Radioactive pollution is caused by the release of radioactive materials into the environment, which can have serious health effects on humans and animals. Sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear accidents, nuclear power plants, and medical waste.

Examples of Environmental Crime

Environmental crime takes different forms, and the following examples illustrate how it affects the environment:

Illegal Fishing

Fish and other marine creatures are illegally harvested when fishing is done, which is a regular environmental crime. The degradation of marine habitats and the decline in fish populations are the results of this crime, which is widespread around the planet.

Illegal Hunting

The illegal hunting of wildlife for financial or personal advantage constitutes illegal hunting, another type of environmental crime. Numerous wildlife species are in danger because of this crime, which is fueled by consumer demand for wildlife items.

Wildlife Trafficking

The illegal capture, transportation, and sale of endangered or protected animals constitute wildlife trafficking, a serious environmental crime. The illegal trade and trafficking of these animals are a result of the desire for wildlife products like ivory, rhino horns, and tiger bones.

The Impact of Environmental Crime

Environmental crime has a detrimental effect on the environment, human health, the economy, and the earth’s natural resources, among other things. Environmental crime, which is projected to cost up to $258 billion yearly, is the fourth-largest crime in the world, after drug trafficking, counterfeiting, and human trafficking.

The environment, human health, and the economy are all severely impacted by environmental crime. These effects of environmental crime can be divided into the following categories:

Environmental destruction

Environmental crimes including illegal mining, logging, and the disposal of hazardous waste can seriously harm the ecosystem. Deforestation, soil erosion, water contamination, and air pollution can all result from these actions.

Loss of biodiversity

A loss of biodiversity may result from pollution, habitat damage, and illegal wildlife trade. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates that since 1970, the world’s wildlife populations have decreased by 60%.

Health and Safety Risks

Environmental crimes including the disposal of hazardous waste and the dispersal of pollutants can have detrimental effects on one’s health. Serious threats to both human and animal health and safety can result from such crimes. Exposure to hazardous trash can contaminate water and soil, resulting in serious health consequences like cancer, respiratory issues, and skin conditions.

Economic impacts

Environmental crimes can significantly affect the economy. For instance, the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity can have a negative effect on tourism and other businesses. The illicit wildlife trade is thought to be worth billions of dollars annually. Environmental crime, which is projected to cost up to $258 billion yearly, is the fourth-largest crime in the world, after drug trafficking, counterfeiting, and human trafficking.

Social impacts

Environmental crime may have societal repercussions as well. The lives of local populations, particularly those who depend on natural resources for their livelihoods, can be negatively impacted by the devastation of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity.

Climate change

Climate change is also significantly exacerbated by environmental crime. Deforestation, the combustion of fossil fuels, and other activities that cause climate change are frequently prohibited or unregulated.

Who is responsible for bringing environmental criminals to justice?

Environmental crimes are a serious concern for both Bangladesh and the global community. It is the responsibility of law enforcement agencies, governments, and international organizations to bring environmental criminals to justice.

There are several mechanisms in place to hold environmental criminals accountable on the international stage. The United Nations has established several conventions and protocols aimed at protecting the environment and preventing environmental crimes, such as the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

In addition to these conventions, there are also non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society groups that work to expose and combat environmental crimes. These groups often work to raise awareness of environmental issues, advocate for policy changes, and engage in direct action, such as protests or legal challenges.

The Department of Environment (DoE) in Bangladesh is the main body in charge of upholding environmental rules and laws. They have the power to look into and prosecute environmental crimes, as well as levy fines and other sanctions on offenders. The DoE, however, confronts considerable obstacles in terms of its ability, finances, and political sway, which may limit its ability to effectively address environmental crimes.

Read What is the recognition of the right to a safe environment as a human right? Discuss its importance and legal consequences.

What steps should be taken?

Taking action against environmental problems requires a multifaceted approach that involves a range of stakeholders. Some key steps that can be taken include:

Strengthening environmental laws and regulations

For the environment’s protection, it is essential to strengthening environmental laws and regulations. At the national, regional, and international levels, this entails the development and application of laws and regulations. Several environmental challenges, such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and wildlife conservation, can be addressed by laws and regulations. These rules must be consistently and successfully implemented, with consequences for non-compliance. The Environmental Conservation Act, the Forest Act, and the Wildlife Conservation Act are only a few of the environmental laws and rules that Bangladesh’s government has created. Implementation and enforcement, however, continue to be difficult.

Raising public awareness

Environmental protection also requires increasing public awareness. Increased understanding of environmental challenges and the value of environmental protection can be achieved through public education and awareness campaigns. These campaigns can target various demographic groups, such as kids, teens, and adults, and they can be distributed via a range of media, including social media, television, and radio. Several non-profit groups and governmental organizations in Bangladesh have started awareness initiatives, such as National Tree Plantation Days and World Environment Days.

Promoting sustainable development

Another essential technique for minimizing environmental damage and safeguarding natural resources is the promotion of sustainable development. Sustainable development strategies can aid in striking a balance between economic growth and environmental preservation. Utilizing sustainable energy sources, cutting waste, and preserving natural ecosystems are some of these methods. The government of Bangladesh has started a number of programs to encourage sustainable development, such as the Green Growth Strategy and the Delta Plan 2100.

Encouraging corporate responsibility

In order to maintain the environment, it is essential to promote corporate responsibility. Businesses have a big impact on the environment; thus, they have to answer for what they do. Promoting corporate responsibility can aid in minimizing negative environmental effects and advancing sustainable practices. This can entail establishing environmental requirements for companies, offering rewards for sustainable behavior, and making companies responsible for their environmental impact. The National CSR Guidelines and the Green Banking Policy are only two of the several initiatives that the government of Bangladesh has launched to encourage corporate social responsibility.

Governments, international organizations, law enforcement agencies, NGOs, and members of civil society must all work together to combat environmental crimes. To safeguard the environment and stop environmental crimes, it is critical to enhance laws and regulations, increase public awareness, support sustainable development, and encourage corporate accountability. Inaction could result in irreparable harm to the environment and endanger future generations.